Религията на древните българи

О б щ и я т,   з а к о н о м е р е н   х о д   н а   р а з в и т и е   н а   ч о в е ш к а т а 

к у л т у р а   и   ч о в е ш к о т о   м и с л е н е   з а д ъ л ж и т е л н о   п р е м и н а в а 

п р е з   н е о б х о д и м и я   п е р и о д   н а   м и т о л о г и ч н о т о   и 

р е л и г и о з н о т о   о с ъ з н а в а н е   н а   с в е т а .

Б е з с п о р н о ,   т а н г р и з м ъ т   е   з а е м а л   ц е н т р а л н о   м я с т о   в 

с в е т о г л е д а   н а   д р е в н и т е   б ъ л г а р и .   З а   с ъ ж а л е н и е ,   о б а ч е ,   в с е 

о щ е   н я м а   ц я л о с т н о   с ъ в р е м е н н о   и з с л е д в а н е   в ъ р х у 

д р е в н о б ъ л г а р с к а т а   р е л и г и я .   Л и п с а т а   н а   д о с т а т ъ ч н о 

п и с м е н и   с в е д е н и я   з а т р у д н я в а   н е и м о в е р н о   м н о г о   о п и т а   д а 

с е   о п р е д е л и   и   р е к о н с т р у и р а   в   ц я л о с т   р е л и г и о з н о - 

м и т о л о г и ч н а т а   с и с т е м а   н а   д р е в н и т е   б ъ л г а р и .   О с в е н 

к а м е н н и т е   н а д п и с и   и   н я к о и   д р у г и   п и с м е н и   и з в о р и ,   з а 

т о в а   м о г а т   д а   п о м о г н а т   и   о т д е л н и   а р х е о л о г и ч е с к и 

н а х о д к и -   р а з л и ч н и   п р е д м е т и ,   и з о б р а ж е н и я ,   а м у л е т и .   Н о 

т е з и   о т л о м к и   н е   с а   д о с т а т ъ ч н и ,   з а   д а   с е   в ъ з с т а н о в и 

к а р т и н а т а   н а   д р е в н а т а   б ъ л г а р с к а   р е л и г и я .   П о   т а з и 

п р и ч и н а ,   и з с л е д о в а т е л и т е   о б и к н о в е н о   с е   о б р ъ щ а т   к ъ м 

с х о д н и   р е л и г и и   и   г и   и з п о л з в а т   з а   с р а в н е н и е . 

Т е о р е т и ч е с к и ,   т о в а   е   н а п ъ л н о   о п р а в д а н о   и   в   т о з и   с л у ч а й 

е   е д и н   о т   н а й - н а д е ж д н и т е   п ъ т и щ а   з а   с и с т е м а т и з и р а н е   и 

о с м и с л я н е   н а   н а л и ч н и я   е м п и р и ч е н   м а т е р и а л .   Т а к а   с е   д а в а 

в ъ з м о ж н о с т   д а   с е   с р а в н я в а т   о т д е л н и   е л е м е н т и   о т 

р е л и г и о з н о -   м и т о л о г и ч н а т а   с и с т е м а   н а   д р е в н и т е   б ъ л г а р и 

с   у с л о в н о   п р и е м а н а т а   з а   о б р а з е ц   р е л и г и о з н а   с и с т е м а .   Н о 

т о в а   с р а в н я в а н е   т р я б в а   д а   б ъ д е   м н о г о   в н и м а т е л н о . 

Т р я б в а   д а   с е   о т ч и т а т   в ъ з м о ж н и т е   р а з л и ч и я ,   п о р о д е н и   о т 

с о б с т в е н о т о   р а з в и т и е   н а   о т д е л н и т е   н а р о д и ,   о т   р а з л и ч н и т е 

в л и я н и я   и   з а е м к и ,   к о и т о   т е   с а   п р и д о б и в а л и ,   к а к т о   и 

к о н к р е т н о -   и с т о р и ч е с к и т е   у с л о в и я   н а   т я х н о т о 

с ъ щ е с т в у в а н е .   С в е д е н и я т а   с а   р а з н о р о д н и ,   о т   р а з л и ч н и 

е п о х и ,   п р е з   к о и т о   н а р о д и т е   с а   и з п и т в а л и   ч у ж д и   к у л т у р н и 

в л и я н и я   и   с а   п р о м е н я л и   с в о и т е   п р е д с т а в и   з а   с в е т а . 

З а т о в а   е   н е о б х о д и м о   в и н а г и   п о з о в а в а н е   н а   к о н к р е т н и 

и з т о ч н и ц и ,   к о и т о   д а   д а в а т   м а т е р и а л   з а   с в е т о г л е д а   п р е з 

д а д е н   п е р и о д   о т   в р е м е ,   и   т о -   и з т о ч н и ц и ,   к о и т о 

о п р е д е л е н о   д а   с е   с в ъ р з в а т   с   е т н о с а ,   ч и и т о   п р е д с т а в и   с а 

о б е к т   н а   и з с л е д в а н е .   З а   д а   с е   п о л у ч и   п ъ л н а   и   ц я л о с т н а 

к а р т и н а   н а   д р е в н а т а   б ъ л г а р с к а   р е л и г и я ,   е   н е о б х о д и м о   д а 

с е   и з с л е д в а т   п о д р о б н о   о с т а т ъ ц и т е   о т   т а н г р и з м а   н е   с а м о   в 

Д у н а в с к а   Б ъ л г а р и я ,   н о   и   в   К а в к а з ,   А л т а й ,   С и б и р   и   В о л г о - 

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Ур а л и е т о ;   а   с л е д   а н а л и т и ч н о т о   п р о у ч в а н е   н а   т е з и 

о с т а т ъ ц и ,   т е   т р я б в а   д а   б ъ д а т   “ с г л о б е н и ”   в   е д и н н а 

с и с т е м а ,   п р е д с т а в я щ а   т а н г р и з м а   в   ц я л о с т.   О с в е н   т о в а , 

д р е в н о б ъ л г а р с к и т е   р е л и г и о з н о -   м и т о л о г и ч н и   п р е д с т а в и 

т р я б в а   д а   б ъ д а т   р а з г л е д а н и   в   п р о ц е с а   н а   с в о е т о   р а з в и т и е . 

В   т а з и   н а с о к а ,   м о я т   д о к л а д   п р е д с т а в л я в а   е д и н   с к р о м е н 

о п и т   з а   м а р к и р а н е   н а   о с н о в н и т е   и д е и ,   к а к т о   и -   и з р а з   н а 

м о и т е   т ъ р с е н и я   в   н е о б я т н а т а   в с е л е н а   н а   д р е в н а т а 

б ъ л г а р с к а   р е л и г и я .

Р е л и г и я т а   н а   д р е в н и т е   б ъ л г а р и   в   л и т е р а т у р а т а   с е 

о п р е д е л я   о б и к н о в е н о   к а т о   е з и ч е с т в о .   Т е р м и н ъ т 

“ е з и ч е с т в о ”   /

ε ι δ ωλ ολατρια

/   н а   б о г о с л о в с к и   е з и к   о з н а ч а в а 

“ и д о л о п о к л о н с т в о ”   и л и   “ м н о г о б о ж и е ”

1

.   В   т о з и   с м и с ъ л , 

с п о р е д   м е н ,   н е   е   п о д х о д я щ о   Т а н г р и з м ъ т   д а   б ъ д е   н а р и ч а н 

“ е з и ч е с т в о ” ,   т ъ й   к а т о   т о й   е   м о н о т е и с т и ч н а   р е л и г и я   и   п р и 

н е г о   л и п с в а т   и д о л и .

Н а   б а з а т а   н а   т е к с т о в е т е   с   р у н и ч е с к о   п и с м о   о т   V I -

V I I I   в е к -   Го л е м и я   и   М а л к и я   н а д п и с   в   ч е с т   н а   К ю л   Т е г и н , 

н а д п и с а   в   ч е с т   н а   То н ю к у к ,   н я к о и   е н и с е й с к и   е п и т а ф и и   и 

Г а д а т е л н а т а   к н и г а ,   И . В . С т е б л ь о в а

2

р е к о н с т р у и р а 

п р и м е р н и я   м о д е л   н а   д р е в н а т а   р е л и г и о з н о -   м и т о л о г и ч н а 

с и с т е м а ,   с ъ с т о я щ а   с е   о т   ч е т и р и   р а в н и щ а .   К ъ м   п ъ р в о т о   с е 

3

о т н а с я   б о г ъ т   Т а н г р а -   н е б е т о ,   к о е т о   х у н и т е ,   д р у г и   с х о д н и 

н а р о д и   и   д р е в н и т е   т ю р к и   п о ч и т а л и   о т   н а й - д р е в н и 

в р е м е н а .   В т о р о т о   р а в н и щ е   с е   з а е м а   о т   б о г и н я т а   Ум а й .   Т я 

е   б о г и н я   н а   п л о д о р о д и е т о ,   п р е д с т а в л я в а   ж е н с к о т о   н а ч а л о 

и   с е   с ъ о т н а с я   к ъ м   Т а н г р а   к а к т о   “ д о л у ”   к ъ м   “ г о р е ” ,   к а к т о 

з е м я т а   к ъ м   н е б е т о .   Ум а й   п о к р о в и т е л с т в а   д е ц а т а   и   п а з и 

д о м а ш н о т о   о г н и щ е .   С л е д и   о т   к у л т а   к ъ м   б о г и н я т а   с а   с е 

з а п а з и л и   у   у з б е к и т е ,   к и р г и з и т е ,   к а к т о   и   с р е д   а л т а й с к и т е 

н а р о д и

3

.   Т р е т о т о   р а в н и щ е   е   н а   с в е щ е н а т а   з е м я -   в о д а ,   Й е р 

с у б .   То в а   с а   д у х о в е т е   н а   з е м я т а   и   в о д а т а ,   л о к а л и з и р а н и   в 

р а з л и ч н и   п р и р о д н и   о б е к т и -   п л а н и н и ,   с к а л и ,   р е к и ,   е з е р а . 

То в а   р а в н и щ е   е   и з р а з   н а   д р е в н и   а н и м и с т и ч н и   п р е д с т а в и . 

О д у ш е в я в а н и т е   п р и р о д н и   о б е к т и   с а   б и л и   п о к р о в и т е л и   н а 

р о д а   и л и   п л е м е т о   р а з п о л о ж е н о   о к о л о   т я х .   О т т у к 

с в е щ е н а т а   з е м я -   в о д а   и м а   и   з н а ч е н и е   н а   р о д и н а ,   м я с т о 

к ъ д е т о   ж и в е е   п л е м е т о .   В   п р е д с т а в и т е   н а   д р е в н и т е 

б ъ л г а р и   т о в а   п р о с т р а н с т в о   б и л о   с а к р а л и з и р а н о   и 

с в ъ р з в а н о   с   л е г е н д и т е   з а   т е х н и я   п р о и з х о д ,   к а к т о   и   с ъ с 

с т р е м е ж а   к ъ м   в е ч н о   п р и т е ж а н и е   н а   з е м и т е ,   о с т а в е н и   о т 

п р а д е д и т е .   С в е щ е н а т а   з е м я -   в о д а   с е   о т н а с я   к ъ м   с р е д а т а 

н а   д ъ р в о т о   н а   с в е т а ,   к ъ м   ч о в е ш к и я   с в я т ;   т я   е   п о с р е д н и к 

м е ж д у   н е б е с н и я   и   п о д з е м н и я   с в я т.   Ч е т в ъ р т о т о   р а в н и щ е   е 

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р а в н и щ е т о   н а   к у л т а   к ъ м   п р а д е д и т е -   к у л т,   к о й т о ,   к а к т о   е 

и з в е с т н о ,   е   б и л   ш и р о к о   р а з п р о с т р а н е н   с р е д   д р е в н и т е 

б ъ л г а р и

4

.

О с н о в а в а й к и   с е   в ъ р х у   с ъ щ е с т в у в а щ и я   е м п и р и ч е н 

м а т е р и а л ,   А .   С т о й н е в

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  о б о с о б я в а   с л е д н и т е   р а в н и щ а   в 

р е л и г и о з н о -   м и т о л о г и ч н а т а   с и с т е м а   н а   д р е в н и т е   б ъ л г а р и , 

к а т о   г и   п о д р е ж д а   п о   с т е п е н   н а   в а ж н о с т   з а   о б щ н о с т т а ,   п о 

о б о б щ е н о с т   н а   ф у н к ц и и т е   и   з н а ч е н и е т о ,   к а к т о   и   п о 

с т е п е н   н а   и н д и в и д у а л и з и р а н о с т :

I .   В и с ш е т о   р а в н и щ е   е   Т а н г р а -   р а в н и щ е т о   н а 

б о ж е с т в а т а   с   о п р е д е л е н и   а т р и б у т и   и   ф у н к ц и и ,   и м а щ и 

в с е о б х в а т н о   з н а ч е н и е   з а   о б щ н о с т т а .

I I .   М и т о л о г и з и р а н и   г е р о и   к а т о   А в и т о х о л   и   И р н и к - 

п о л у б о ж е с т в а -   п о л у х о р а ,   к о и т о   и м а т   ф у н к ц и я т а   н а 

к у л т у р н и   г е р о и .   Т е   с а   с х о д н и   с   г е р о и т е   о т   т ю р к с к и я   е п о с 

к а т о   п о с р е д н и ц и   м е ж д у   б о г о в е т е   и   х о р а т а .

I I I .   Ку л т   к ъ м   м ъ р т в и т е   и   п р а д е д и т е ,   ш и р о к о 

з а с т ъ п е н   в   п о г р е б а л н и т е   п а м е т н и ц и   и   в ъ з п о м е н а т е л н и т е 

н а д п и с и   у   д р е в н и т е   б ъ л г а р и .

I V .   П о ч и т а н е   н а   с в е щ е н и   ж и в о т н и   к а т о   в ъ л к ,   к у ч е , 

к о н ,   о р е л ,   е л е н ,   н я к о и   о т   к о и т о   с а   б и л и   а т р и б у т и   н а 

Т а н г р а .

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V.   О д у х о т в о р я в а н е   н а   П р и р о д н и   о б е к т и ,   а н а л о г и ч н о 

н а   Й е р   с у б .

О с в е н   т о в а ,   А .   С т о й н е в

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  а н а л и з и р а   с ъ щ е с т в у в а щ и я 

е м п и р и ч е н   м а т е р и а л   ч р е з   с и с т е м а   о т   б и н а р н и   о п о з и ц и и . 

То й   с м а т а ,   ч е   м о г а т   д а   с е   р е к о н с т р у и р а т   о п о з и ц и и   к а т о :

1 .   А б с т р а к т н и :   ж и в о т -   с м ъ р т,   з д р а в е -   б о л е с т,   у с п е х - 

н е у с п е х .

2 .   П р о с т р а н с т в е н и :   л я в о -   д я с н о ,   в ъ т р е ш е н -   в ъ н ш е н , 

ц е н т ъ р -   п е р и ф е р и я ,   н е б е -   з е м я ,   з е м я -   п о д з е м е н   с в я т.

3 .   Ц в е т о в и :   б я л о -   ч е р н о ,   с в е т л и н а -   т ъ м н и н а .

4 .   С о ц и а л н и :   м ъ ж к о -   ж е н с к о ,   б о г -   ч о в е к ,   к а н -   н а р о д , 

б о и л и   и   б а г а и н и -   н а р о д ,   п р а д е д и -   п о т о м ц и ,   г л а в е н - 

н е г л а в е н ,   с в о й -   ч у ж д ,   ч о в е ш к и   с в я т -   н е ч о в е ш к и   с в я т, 

в о е н н и   с ъ о р ъ ж е н и я -   в с е к и д н е в н и   с ъ о р ъ ж е н и я .

5 .   К о н к р е т н и :   к о с а -   б е з   к о с а ,   д ъ л г а   к о с а -   к ъ с а   к о с а .

О б щ и я т   п о г л е д   в ъ р х у   с ъ щ е с т в у в а щ и т е   и з т о ч н и ц и 

п о к а з в а ,   ч е   д р е в н и т е   б ъ л г а р и ,   к а к т о   п р е д п о л а г а   о щ е   В . 

Б е ш е в л и е в

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,   с а   и м а л и   с т р о й н а   и   д о б р е   р а з в и т а 

р е л и г и о з н о -   м и т о л о г и ч н а   с и с т е м а .

Е д и н с т в е н о т о   б о ж е с т в о   н а   д р е в н и т е   б ъ л г а р и ,   з а 

ч и е т о   с ъ щ е с т в у в а н е   м о ж е   д а   с е   т в ъ р д и   с ъ с   с и г у р н о с т,   е 

Т а н г р а .   Н е г о в о т о   и м е   е   с п о м е н а т а   в   е д и н   м а д а р с к и 

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н а д п и с   н а   к а н   О м у р т а г -  

Τα γ γ ρα

.   Т а н г р а   е   е д и н с т в е н и я т 

б о г   н а   д р е в н и т е   б ъ л г а р и   и   з а т о в а   т а н г р и з м ъ т   е 

м о н о т е и с т и ч н а   р е л и г и я .   И м е т о   Т а н г р а   м н о г о к р а т н о   с е 

с п о м е н а в а   в   о р х о н о -   е н и с е й с к и т е   н а д п и с и   о т   V I - V I I I   в е к . 

Т а н г р а ,   Т е н г р и ,   Т е н г е р и   у   б у р я т и ,   Т е н г р и   у   к а л м и к и , 

Т я н г е р е   у   м о н г о л и ,   Т а н г а р а   у   я к у т и   и   д о л г а н и ,   Т у р а   у 

ч у в а ш и   е   в с е   с ъ с   з н а ч е н и е   “ н е б е ” ,   с х о д н о   с   к и т а й с к о т о 

“ т я н ь ”

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.   Н е б е т о ,   Т а н г р а   с а   п о ч и т а л и   Ху н и т е ,   п р е н а с я л и 

с а   м у   ж е р т в а ,   к а к т о   и   р е д и ц а   д р у г и   н а р о д и   п о - к ъ с н о - 

с я н б и й ц и ,   ж у а н -   ж у а н и ,   х о й х у,   т у г ю

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.   Р а з в и т и е т о   н а 

п о н я т и е т о ,   с м и с ъ л а   н а   д у м а т а   “ н е б е ” ,   Т а н г р а ,   м о ж е   д а   с е 

п е р и о д и з и р а   н а   т р и   е т а п а ,   б е з   д а   с е   п р а в и   л о к а л и з а ц и я 

п о   в р е м е

1 0

.   П ъ р в и -   Т а н г р а   с а м о   к а т о   н е б е ,   о д у ш е в е н о 

н е б е ,   к о с м и ч е с к и   р а з у м ;   в т о р и -   Т а н г р а   к а т о   б о ж е с т в о   и 

п о - к ъ с н о   в ъ р х о в е н   б о г   з а   д р е в н и т е   н а р о д и ;   т р е т и -   Т а н г р а 

к а т о   а н т р о п о м о р ф н о   б о ж е с т в о .   В е р о я т н о с т т а   з а   т а к о в а 

и з м е н е н и е   н а   с ъ д ъ р ж а н и е т о   н а   д у м а т а   “ н е б е ”   и д в а   о т 

о б щ а т а   с х е м а   н а   р а з в и т и е   н а   о б о ж е с т в е н и т е   с ъ щ н о с т и   у 

д р е в н и т е   н а р о д и   о т   о д у ш е в я в а н е т о   н а   к о н к р е т е н   о б е к т   д о 

н е г о в о т о   а н т р о п о м о р ф и з и р а н е .   То   с е   п о я в я в а   п р и   п о -

в и с о к а   с т е п е н   н а   о б щ о к у л т у р н о   р а з в и т и е ,   к о г а т о   с а 

п р е о д о л е н и   п ъ р в о н а ч а л н и т е   ф о р м и   н а   р е л и г и я т а ,   ч о в е к ъ т 

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в е ч е

р а з б и р а

с в о я т а

о с о б е н о с т,

ч а с т и ч н а 

п р о т и в о п о с т а в е н о с т   н а   п р и р о д а т а   и ,   с л е д о в а т е л н о ,   с е 

о с ъ з н а в а   в   н я к а к в а   с т е п е н   к а т о   с у б е к т   и   д а р я в а   б о г о в е т е 

с и   с ъ с   с в о и т е   с о б с т в е н и   х а р а к т е р и с т и к и

1 1

.

С п о р е д   д р е в н и т е   к и т а й с к и   л е т о п и с и ,   ц и т и р а н и   о т   Д . 

С ъ с е л о в

1 2

,   х у н о р и т е   н я м а л и   н и т о   “ Т а о ” ,   н и т о   “ Л и ” ,   н и т о 

п ъ к   “ И ” ,   к о е т о   о з н а ч а в а ,   ч е   х у н о р и т е   н я м а л и   н и т о 

н я к а к в а   в я р а ,   н и т о   н я к а к в а   н р а в с т в е н о с т.   К и т а й ц и т е 

ч е с т о   п р и п и с в а л и   н а   с в о и т е   о м р а з н и   ц а р е   х у н о р с к и 

о б и ч а и ,   к а т о   к а з в а л и ,   ч е   б и л и   л и ш е н и   о т   “ Т а о ” .   Р а з б и р а 

с е ,   ч е   н а   к и т а й ц и т е ,   ч и и т о   о б и ч а и   и   в я р в а н и я   к о р е н н о   с е 

р а з л и ч а в а л и   о т   х у н о р с к и т е ,   с е   с т р у в а л о ,   ч е   х у н о р с к и т е 

о б и ч а и   с а   о т р и ц а н и е   н а   в с я к а   в я р а   и   м о р а л .   В с ъ щ н о с т, 

х у н о р и т е   н а и с т и н а   н я м а л и   о п р е д е л е н и   б о ж е с т в а   и   н е   с е 

п о к л а н я л и ,   и   н е   б о г о т в о р е л и   н и т о   д р а к о н а ,   н и т о   н я к о е 

д р у г о   ж и в о т н о .   В я р а ,   о б а ч е ,   т е   и м а л и .   Т е х н и я т   б о г, 

с п о р е д   в я р в а н и я т а   и м ,   с е   н а м и р а л   н а   н е б е т о .   Б и л   е ,   к а к т о 

и з г л е ж д а   е д и н с т в е н   и   б е з и м е н е н -   н а р и ч а л и   г о   “ т о з и 

к о й т о   е   н а   н е б е т о ”   и   н е   с е   с т а р а е л и   д а   м у   п р и д а в а т 

н я к а к ъ в   о п р е д е л е н   о б р а з .   Т е   п р и н а с я л и   ж е р т в и   н а   с в о я 

б о г   и   т о   н а й - с к ъ п о т о   к о е т о   и м а л и ,   а   и м е н н о   к о н е   и 

к у ч е т а .   В я р в а л и ,   ч е   т о й   е   в с е м о г ъ щ   и   в и ж д а   в с и ч к о . 

8