Communicative
Language Teaching.
The origins of
Communicative
Lang.Teaching(CLT) are
to be found in the
changes in the British
lang.teaching tradition
dating from the late
1960s. the British
linguists saw the need to
focus in lang.teaching on
communicative
proficiency rather than on
mere mastery of
structures. With the
increasing independence
of European countries
came the need for greater
efforts to teach adults the
major languages of the
European Common
Market and the Council of
Europe, a regional
organization for cultural
and educational
cooperation. Education
was one of the Council of
Europe’s major areas of
activity.
The work of the Council
of Europe, the writings of
experts such as Candlin,
Wilkins, Keith Johnson
and other British linguist
on the theoretical basis
for a communicative
approach to language
teaching, the rapid
application of these ideas
by textbooks writers,and
the acceptance of these
new principles by British
lang.teaching specialists
established the
development and further
expansion of the
Communicative
Approach.
The communicative
approach in lang.
teaching starts from a
theory of lang.
communication. The goal
of lang.teaching is to
develop what Hymes
referred to as’
communicative
competence’. Language
is seen as a system for
expression of meaning.
Its primary functions are
interaction and
communication.
Little has been written
about learning theory.
Nobody offers any
discussion of it. Elements
of an underlying learning
theory can be discerned
in some CLT
practices,however. One
such element might be
described as the
communicative principle:
activities that involve real
communication promote
learning. A second
element is the task
principle: activities in
which lang.is used for
carrying out meaningful
tasks promote learning. A
third element is the
meaningfulness principle:
lang.that is meaningful to
the learner supports the
learning process.
Learning is much easier
in truly communicative
context.
Piepho discusses the
following levels of
objectives in a
communicative approach:
- an integrative and
content level(lang.as a
mean of expression); - a
linguistic level(lang.as a
semiotic system and an
object of learning); - an
affective level(lang. as a
means of expressing
values and judgments
about oneself and
others); - a level of
individual learning needs;
- a general educational
level of extra-linguistic
goals. These are
proposed as general
objectives,applicable to
any teaching situation.
The learner must have a
communicative
competence, to be able to
negotiate meaning.
Discussions of the nature
of the syllabus have been
central in CLT. One of the
first syllabus models to be
proposed was described
as a notional syllabus by
Wilkins, which specified
the semantic-grammatical
categories( e.g.
frequency,
motion,location) and the
categories of
communicative function .
This is a syllabus that
included descriptions of
the objectives of foreign
lang.courses of European
adults, the situations in
which they might need to
use a foreign lang.( e.g.
travel,business), the
topics they might need to
talk about( e.g. personal
identification,education,
shopping), the functions
they needed lang.for( e.g.
describing something,
requesting
information,expressing
agreement(or
disagreement), the
notions made use of in
communication ( e.g.
time,frequency, duration)
as well as the vocabulary
and grammar needed.
The range of exercise
types and activities
compatible with
communicative approach
is unlimited,provided that
such exercises enable
learners to attain the
communicative objectives
of the curriculum, engage
learners in
communication, and
require the use of such
communicative processes
as information sharing,
negotiation of meaning,
and interaction.
Classroom activities are
often designed to focus
on completing tasks that
are mediated through
lang or involve
negotiation of inf. And
information sharing.
Littlewood distinguishes
two types of activities-
‘functional communication
activities’ and ‘social
interaction activities’. The
first group includes such
tasks as learners
comparing sets of
pictures and noting
similarities and
differences, discovering
missing features in a map
or picture, one learner
communicating behind a
screen to another learner
and giving instructions on
how to draw a picture or
shape, or how to
complete a map; following
directions and other.
Social interaction
activities include
conversation and
discussion sessions,
dialogues and role
plays,simulations,skits,im
provisations,and debates.
The emphasis in CLT on
the processes of
communication,rather
than mastery of
lang.forms.leads to
different roles for learners
from those found in more
traditional second
lang.classrooms. Often
there is no text, grammar
rules are not presented,
classroom arrangement is
nonstandard, students
are expected to interact
primarily with each other
rather than with the
teacher, and correction of
errors may be absent or
infrequent. The
cooperative (rather than
individualistic) approach
is stressed.
Several roles are
assumed for teachers in
CLT. According to
Candlin and Breen the
teacher has two main
roles- first is to facilitate
the communication
process between all
participants in the
classroom and the
second role is to act as
an independent
participant within the
learning-teaching group.
A third role is that of
researcher and learner.
Other roles assumed for
teachers are needs
analyst, counselor and
group process manager.
A wide variety of
materials have been used
to support communicative
approaches to
lang.teaching. they have
a primary role of
promoting communicative
lang.use. there are three
kinds of materials
currently used in CLT: -
text-based materials.
There are numerous
textbooks designed to
direct and support CLT. A
typical lesson consists of
a theme( e.g. relaying
information), a task
analysis for thematic
development, a practice
situation description, a
stimulus presentation( in
the preceding case, the
beginning of an office
conversation scripted and
on tape), comprehension
questions, and
paraphrase exercises. –
task-based materials-
games,role plays,
simulations,etc.
- realia- this is the use of
‘authentic’, ‘from-life’
materials in the
classroom. This might
include language-based
realia , such as signs,
magazines,
advertisements,
newspapers,or graphic
and visual sources
around which
communicative activities
can be built,such as
maps, pictures, symbols,
charts.
The use of the native
lang. has no particular
role here. Target
lang.should be used
whenever possible.
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